Chemotherapy is one of the most effective weapons against cancer, but it can affect healthy cells too, causing a range of side effects. These side effects vary by individual, drug type, and dosage. Understanding how to manage them — and when to alert your doctor — is crucial for safe and comfortable treatment. Here are few insights from the team of Healius Cancer and Hematology clinics.

Common Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Their Management

Fatigue

What Happens: Ongoing tiredness, not relieved by rest.

Management: Moderate exercise like walking, rest often, conserve energy, and include light activity. Stay hydrated with home-made non-sugary drinks

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If fatigue becomes severe or interferes with daily life.

Nausea and Vomiting

What Happens: Stomach discomfort, vomiting episodes.

Management: Take anti-nausea medications, eat bland meals, stay hydrated.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If vomiting is persistent or prevents fluid/food intake.

Diarrhea

What Happens: Frequent, loose stools due to intestinal lining damage.

Management: Eat a low-fiber, bland diet (rice, banana, toast). Stay hydrated with electrolyte drinks.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If diarrhea lasts more than 24 hours, it leads to weakness or dizziness or includes blood.

Constipation

What Happens: Difficulty passing stools, often due to medications or inactivity.

Management: Increase fluids, eat high-fiber foods, and walk regularly. Use stool softeners if recommended.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If no bowel movement for more than 3 days or if pain/bloating is severe.

Hair Loss (Alopecia)

What Happens: Loss of hair on scalp, eyebrows, and body.

Management: Use gentle hair care. Consider scarves, caps, or wigs.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If scalp irritation, rashes, or sores appear.

Infections and Low Immunity

What Happens: Low white blood cells increase infection risk.

Management: Wash hands often, avoid sick contacts, and cook thoroughly.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If you develop a fever ≥100.4°F (38°C), chills, or sore throat.

Mouth Sores (Mucositis)

What Happens: Painful ulcers in the mouth and throat.

Management: Use soft toothbrushes, avoid acidic/spicy foods, and rinse with baking soda solution.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If sores prevent eating or cause bleeding.

Taste and Smell Changes

What Happens: Metallic taste, reduced sense of taste or smell.

Management: Use plastic utensils, add flavor-enhancers (lemon, herbs), and try cold foods.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If it leads to poor nutrition or major appetite loss.

Appetite and Weight Changes

What Happens: Reduced appetite, unintended weight loss or gain.

Management: Eat small, frequent meals; consider nutritional supplements.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If weight changes are drastic or you are unable to eat.

Neuropathy

What Happens: Numbness, tingling, or pain in hands/feet.

Management: Avoid extreme temperatures, wear shoes, and monitor sensations.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If it affects walking, gripping, or worsens suddenly.

Bleeding and Bruising

What Happens: Due to low platelet counts.

Management: Use soft toothbrushes, avoid sharp objects or injury risks.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If you notice unexplained bruising, nosebleeds, or blood in urine/stool.

Organ Function Changes

What Happens: Some chemo drugs can affect heart, liver, or kidney function.

Management: Regular blood tests and organ monitoring as prescribed.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If you experience swelling, shortness of breath, jaundice (yellow skin/eyes), or unusual urine color.

Depression and Anxiety

What Happens: Emotional distress, sadness, or constant worry.

Management: Talk to a counselor, join support groups, and discuss treatment for mental health.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If you feel hopeless, overwhelmed, or have thoughts of self-harm.

Cognitive Changes (‘Chemo Brain’)

What Happens: Memory lapses, foggy thinking, difficulty concentrating.

Management: Use reminders, organize your day, get proper rest.

When to CONSULT the Doctor: If symptoms worsen or interfere with safety.

When to Seek Immediate Medical Help

CONSULT your doctor or go to the emergency room if you experience:

• Fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
• Severe vomiting or diarrhea
• Chest pain or shortness of breath
• Sudden confusion or extreme fatigue
• Bleeding that won’t stop
• Swelling, jaundice, or reduced urine output
• Suicidal thoughts or severe emotional distress

Final Note from Healius Cancer and Haematology Clinics

Chemotherapy is a journey — physically and emotionally. Most of the times if the Medical Oncologist escalates the dose gradually as tolerated by the patient, the side effects can either be completely prevented or managed in the early phase itself. Most side effects can be managed with early intervention, lifestyle adjustments, and support from our oncology team. Never hesitate to report symptoms and obtain symptomatic relief immediately without procrastinating.  Quick action can make your treatment safer and avoid grave complications.  A stitch in time saves nine. 

For more information, appointments, or referrals, visit https://healiuscancerhematology.com/